{"id":3075,"date":"2018-11-06T01:00:46","date_gmt":"2018-11-06T09:00:46","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/writersfunzone.com\/blog\/?p=3075"},"modified":"2018-11-13T13:32:53","modified_gmt":"2018-11-13T21:32:53","slug":"all%e2%80%99s-fair-in-love-and-war-%e2%80%93-but-not-in-copyright-law","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/writersfunzone.com\/blog\/2018\/11\/06\/all%e2%80%99s-fair-in-love-and-war-%e2%80%93-but-not-in-copyright-law\/","title":{"rendered":"All\u2019s Fair in Love and War \u2013 But Not in Copyright Law by Kelley Way"},"content":{"rendered":"<div id=\"attachment_20369\" style=\"width: 310px\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\"><a href=\"https:\/\/writersfunzone.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/WFZ_All\u2019s-Fair-in-Love-and-War-\u2013-But-Not-in-Copyright-Law-by-Kelley-Way.png\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-20369\" class=\"wp-image-20369 size-full\" title=\"All\u2019s Fair in Love and War \u2013 But Not in Copyright Law by Kelley Way\" src=\"https:\/\/writersfunzone.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/WFZ_All\u2019s-Fair-in-Love-and-War-\u2013-But-Not-in-Copyright-Law-by-Kelley-Way.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https:\/\/writersfunzone.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/WFZ_All\u2019s-Fair-in-Love-and-War-\u2013-But-Not-in-Copyright-Law-by-Kelley-Way.png 300w, https:\/\/writersfunzone.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/WFZ_All\u2019s-Fair-in-Love-and-War-\u2013-But-Not-in-Copyright-Law-by-Kelley-Way-160x160.png 160w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a><p id=\"caption-attachment-20369\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">All\u2019s Fair in Love and War \u2013 But Not in Copyright Law by Kelley Way<\/p><\/div>\n<p>Welcome to the weekly series on artist entrepreneurship. Today we focus on writers specifically and on an important tool for your empowerment, a topic of literary law \u2014<em> fair use<\/em> \u2014 from <strong>our monthly guest columnist, Kelley Way, a lawyer specializing in literary law.<\/strong> If you have general questions for Kelley on contracts or other aspects of literary law, be sure to comment below. <strong><em>Thanks! PS. A list of books on literary law can be found <a title=\"A list of book on literary law\" href=\"https:\/\/writersfunzone.com\/blog\/resources\/resources-books-on-literary-law\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">here<\/a>.<br \/>\n<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>And now for a bit of necessary legalese: <em>Please note that this article does not constitute legal advice, and that an attorney-client relationship is not formed by reading the article or by commenting thereon.<\/em><\/p>\n<p>^*^<\/p>\n<p>One of the questions I hear most frequently from authors is: <span style=\"color: #ff6600;\"><strong>When can I use someone else\u2019s copyrighted material in my own work?<\/strong><\/span><a href=\"#_ftn1\">[1]<\/a><\/p>\n<p>Stories can\u2019t be written in a vacuum, and many of the sources authors would like to draw on are copyrighted. As many copyright owners are ready to sue at the drop of a hat, it\u2019s an excellent question to ask.<\/p>\n<p>Generally, there are four answers:<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">1. <strong>The work has no copyright.<\/strong> Copyright only protects original, creative works of authorship. You can\u2019t copyright a uniquely shaped rock you found while hiking; you didn\u2019t create it. You also can\u2019t copyright facts or ideas, only the way they are described or expressed (and even that is limited). So if you only want to use facts or data found in a copyrighted work, or want to use a single idea from said work, there is no copyright violation. In addition, government works are not copyrightable.<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">2.\u00a0 <strong>The copyright has expired.<\/strong> Any work published before 1923 is in the public domain \u2013 its copyright has expired. Anything created (not published) after January 1, 1978, the day the revamped Copyright Act went into effect, is copyrighted. Anything published in between those dates is uncertain \u2013 the copyright owner had to renew his or her copyright to keep it, so it may or may not still be copyrighted. Research would be required. Luckily, the old Copyright Act required authors to register with the Copyright Office when they published, so you at least know where to look.<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">3.\u00a0 <strong>The copyright owner gives permission.<\/strong> This is the safest route to go, particularly when you don\u2019t know if your intended use of the work counts as infringement. However, permission typically comes with a price tag, so you\u2019ll have to decide if you\u2019d rather pay it or go without and risk a lawsuit. For example, if you want Mickey Mouse to appear in your children\u2019s book, you had better get permission, because Disney defends its copyrights with an almost religious zeal. On the other hand, if you want to use the lyrics to the \u201cHappy Birthday\u201d song (which is copyrighted) in your novel, you might be able to get away with it, since the copyright owners rarely sue. Just remember that \u201crarely\u201d does not mean \u201cnever,\u201d and while a copyright owner may have never sued before, there\u2019s always a first time for everything.<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">4.\u00a0 <strong>The fair use doctrine applies.<\/strong> The fair use doctrine exists to allow authors to use copyrighted material, in limited circumstances, without the permission of the copyright owner. The courts use a four-factor test, outlined below, to decide whether a use is fair. For an example, I\u2019ll use <em>Harper &amp; Row v. Nation Enterprises<\/em>, a major fair use case. In <em>Harper<\/em>, Harper &amp; Row had agreed to publish former President Ford\u2019s autobiography, and contracted with <em>Time Magazine<\/em> to write a prepublication story on it, using excerpts from the book. <em>Nation Enterprises<\/em> got hold of a copy of the book and wrote their own story, with excerpts, \u201cscooping\u201d <em>Time Magazine.<\/em> <em>Time<\/em> terminated the contract with Harper, and Harper sued <em>Nation<\/em>. The case went up to the Supreme Court, who used the four-factor test:<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 60px;\"><em>a. <\/em><em>The purpose and character of the use. <\/em>Courts look more favorably on an unauthorized use if it\u2019s for a good cause. Criticism, comment, news reporting, teaching, research, and scholarship are presumptively fair uses. Commercial gain weighs against fair use. In <em>Harper<\/em>, the court found that the magazine used the article to sell copies, more than to report news, so this round went to Harper.<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 60px;\"><em>b. <\/em><em>The nature of the copyrighted work.<\/em> Copyright was designed to protect creative, artistic works, like fiction, music or art. These are given more protection than, for example, news reports or travel guides. This round went to <em>Nation<\/em>, since an autobiography relates facts and thus isn\u2019t as strongly protected as a more creative work would be.<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 60px;\"><em>c. <\/em><em>The amount used.<\/em> This factor looks at both the quantity and quality of material taken from the copyrighted work. <em>Nation<\/em>\u2019s excerpts from the book, while a small percentage of the overall text, centered around Ford\u2019s decision to pardon Nixon, which the court determined was the \u201cheart\u201d of the book, because that was the part people would buy the book to read. As such, this round went to Harper.<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 60px;\"><em>d. <\/em><em>The effect on the market. <\/em>This is arguably the most important factor for the courts. If your use of the material would mean that people would buy your work <em>instead<\/em> of the original, or otherwise harm the original\u2019s sales, fair use likely won\u2019t apply. In <em>Harper<\/em>, Harper had already lost money from the cancellation of <em>Time<\/em>\u2019s contract, so it won this round and the overall case. The same holds true of derivative markets; in a case where a rapper parodied \u201cPretty Woman,\u201d using the song\u2019s opening melody, the Supreme Court sent it back to the district court to determine whether the rapper\u2019s song would act as a substitute for a rap version of \u201cPretty Woman,\u201d should the copyright owner decide to make one. Remember, this only applies if your work would act as a substitute for the original; courts don\u2019t care if your work makes the first one look so bad or unappealing that no one wants to buy it.<\/p>\n<p>Fair use is great when it applies, but unfortunately you have to go to court to find out if it does; nothing is automatically fair use, and it is always decided on a case-by-case basis. As another lawyer once wisely said: \u201cWhat does it mean to have a great defense? It means you\u2019ve been sued!\u201d<\/p>\n<p>This article only scratches the surface of this topic, and hopefully provides some guidance to the many authors and publishers struggling with this issue. And remember, if in doubt \u2013 ask a lawyer. Their job is to know the law so you don\u2019t have to.<\/p>\n<hr size=\"1\" \/>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref\">[1]<\/a> For the sake of simplicity, I\u2019m falling back on some basic legal terms. In legalese, a \u201cwork\u201d is anything that can be copyrighted (books, movies, songs, pictures, etc.). Likewise, an \u201cauthor\u201d is anyone who creates a work, not just a book author.<\/p>\n<p>^*^<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_2840\" style=\"width: 195px\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\"><a href=\"https:\/\/writersfunzone.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2011\/04\/Profile-pic-4.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-2840\" class=\"size-full wp-image-2840\" src=\"https:\/\/writersfunzone.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2011\/04\/Profile-pic-4.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"185\" height=\"184\" srcset=\"https:\/\/writersfunzone.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2011\/04\/Profile-pic-4.jpg 185w, https:\/\/writersfunzone.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2011\/04\/Profile-pic-4-300x300.jpg 300w, https:\/\/writersfunzone.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2011\/04\/Profile-pic-4-160x160.jpg 160w, https:\/\/writersfunzone.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2011\/04\/Profile-pic-4-520x520.jpg 520w, https:\/\/writersfunzone.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2011\/04\/Profile-pic-4-720x720.jpg 720w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 185px) 100vw, 185px\" \/><\/a><p id=\"caption-attachment-2840\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Kelley Way is a member of the California Bar<\/p><\/div>\n<p>Kelley Way was born and raised in Walnut Creek, California. She graduated from UC Davis with a B.A. in English, followed by a Juris Doctorate. Kelley is a member of the California Bar, and an aspiring writer of young adult fantasy novels. She can be contacted at <a href=\"mailto:KelleyAWay@gmail.com\">KelleyAWay@gmail.com<\/a>.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Welcome to the weekly series on artist entrepreneurship. Today we focus on writers specifically and on an important tool for your empowerment, a topic of literary law \u2014 fair use \u2014 from our monthly&#46;&#46;&#46;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":20369,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_exactmetrics_skip_tracking":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_active":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_note":"","_exactmetrics_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[644],"tags":[991,990,934,988,989],"class_list":["post-3075","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-artist-entrepreneur","tag-copyright-law","tag-disney","tag-kelley-way","tag-literary-law","tag-mickey-mouse"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.3 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>All\u2019s Fair in Love and War \u2013 But Not in Copyright Law by Kelley Way &#183; Writer&#039;s Fun Zone<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/writersfunzone.com\/blog\/2018\/11\/06\/all\u2019s-fair-in-love-and-war-\u2013-but-not-in-copyright-law\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"All\u2019s Fair in Love and War \u2013 But Not in Copyright Law by Kelley Way &#183; Writer&#039;s Fun Zone\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Welcome to the weekly series on artist entrepreneurship. 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