{"id":23924,"date":"2021-02-09T03:00:09","date_gmt":"2021-02-09T11:00:09","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/writersfunzone.com\/blog\/?p=23924"},"modified":"2021-02-04T03:29:46","modified_gmt":"2021-02-04T11:29:46","slug":"work-for-hire-who-owns-the-copyright-by-kelley-way","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/writersfunzone.com\/blog\/2021\/02\/09\/work-for-hire-who-owns-the-copyright-by-kelley-way\/","title":{"rendered":"Work for Hire: Who Owns the Copyright? by Kelley Way"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><a href=\"https:\/\/writersfunzone.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/Work-for-Hire-Who-Owns-the-Copyright-by-Kelley-Way.png\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft wp-image-23925 size-medium\" title=\"Work for Hire: Who Owns the Copyright? by Kelley Way\" src=\"https:\/\/writersfunzone.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/Work-for-Hire-Who-Owns-the-Copyright-by-Kelley-Way-300x300.png\" alt=\"Work for Hire: Who Owns the Copyright? by Kelley Way\" width=\"300\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https:\/\/writersfunzone.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/Work-for-Hire-Who-Owns-the-Copyright-by-Kelley-Way.png 300w, https:\/\/writersfunzone.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/Work-for-Hire-Who-Owns-the-Copyright-by-Kelley-Way-80x80.png 80w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a>Let\u2019s welcome back monthly columnist <a href=\"https:\/\/writersfunzone.com\/blog\/?s=Kelley+Way\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Kelley Way<\/a> as she shares with us \u201cWork for Hire: Who Owns the Copyright?\u201d Enjoy!<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">***<\/span><\/p>\n<p><strong>Who owns the copyright when you are hired to work for another person or company?\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Let\u2019s discuss: Work for Hire Doctrine<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">You\u2019ve been hired to create some artwork. Happy days!\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><strong>You create your masterpiece, send it to the buyer, and get paid.\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Then you follow up and find out that the buyer is using your art in a way you find highly offensive.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><strong>You reach out and tell him that\u2019s not okay<\/strong>, but he comes back and says that he owns the copyright, so he can do whatever he wants, and you can lump it.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">What do you do?<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Issues Surrounding Work For Hire\u00a0<\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This is just one example of issues that can arise when it\u2019s unclear who owns the copyright.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><strong>Typically, the person who created the artwork<\/strong> (or book, movie, song, or other creative work) is the author, and therefore the initial owner.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">However, there are two exceptions to this rule, and both fall under the \u201cwork for hire\u201d doctrine:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The work is created by the employee within the scope of his or her employment OR<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The work is specially ordered or commissioned as a work for hire for use:<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">As a contribution to a collective work<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">As a part of a motion picture or other audiovisual work<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">As a translation<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">As a supplementary work (e.g., forewords, afterwords, illustrations, maps, charts, tables, editorial notes, musical arrangements, bibliographies, etc.)<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">As a compilation<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">As an instructional text<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">As a test<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">As answer material for a test<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">As an atlas<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In both cases, the employer\/buyer is considered the author, not the person who actually created the work.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The \u201cIndependent Contractor\u201d Rule<\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Believe it or not, the second exception (the \u201cindependent contractor\u201d rule) is easier to figure out than the first one.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><strong>For independent contractors,<\/strong> there has to be a clear agreement that this is work for hire.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Additionally, the work has to fall into one of the stated categories; a specially commissioned sculpture cannot be a work for hire if the sculptor is an independent contractor.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><strong>The first exception is the one that gets all the courtroom limelight because \u201cemployee\u201d is not defined by the statute,<\/strong> and the courts apply a multi-factor test rather than setting down a clear rule.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">For those who are wondering, <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/edd.ca.gov\/Payroll_Taxes\/ab-5.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">AB 5<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0does not apply here because that is a California state rule regarding employee benefits; <\/span><b>copyright ownership is a federal law question.<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><strong>For this reason,<\/strong> whenever there\u2019s a question of copyright ownership, the person or company who purchased\/commissioned the work will claim an employer-employee relationship.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">How can you make sure this doesn\u2019t happen?<\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The test the courts use has several factors, which all boil down to the level of control the \u201cemployer\u201d had over you, your workspace, and the creative work.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><strong>I can go through all of these factors,<\/strong> but there\u2019s a much easier solution: have a contract.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Have A Contract\u00a0<\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The contract doesn\u2019t have to be long or elaborate; you don\u2019t even have to involve a lawyer if you don\u2019t want to.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><strong>The two parties just need to agree,<\/strong> in writing, that you are an independent contractor, you are creating this specific work for the other person, and you are the author and owner of the copyright.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">There are other terms that you can include (payment, terms of the license, etc.), but those three terms are enough to establish copyright ownership.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><strong>Even if you want to give the other person the copyright,<\/strong> it\u2019s still better to have it in writing, so there\u2019s no confusion down the road.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">If you have more questions about the <\/span><b>work for hire doctrine<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, or you would like help drafting an agreement, you can reach me at <a href=\"mailto:kaway@kawaylaw.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">kaway@kawaylaw.com<\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">***<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><b>Other Articles on Copyright on Writer\u2019s Fun Zone<\/b><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/writersfunzone.com\/blog\/?s=copyright\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Click here<\/a> <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">to see all of the articles on copyright we\u2019ve published.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A selected list&#8230;<\/span><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/writersfunzone.com\/blog\/2020\/10\/06\/fair-use-in-business-can-i-use-copyrighted-materials-in-my-business-by-kelley-way\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Fair Use in Business: Can I Use Copyrighted Materials in My Business? by Kelley Way<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/writersfunzone.com\/blog\/2020\/08\/21\/copyright-rules-and-fair-use-the-dos-donts-of-using-content-from-the-internet-by-kelley-way\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Copyright Rules and Fair Use: The Do\u2019s &amp; Don\u2019ts of Using Content From the Internet by Kelley Way<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/writersfunzone.com\/blog\/2019\/09\/20\/what-does-copyright-protect-by-kelley-way\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">What Does Copyright Protect? by Kelley Way<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/writersfunzone.com\/blog\/2019\/04\/12\/why-register-a-copyright-by-kelley-way\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Why Register a Copyright? by Kelley Way<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p>***<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Want to read more articles like this one Writer\u2019s Fun Zone? <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/writersfunzone.com\/blog\/contact-beth\/#signup\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Subscribe here.<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">***<\/span><\/p>\n<h2>ABOUT THE AUTHOR<\/h2>\n<p><a class=\"\" href=\"https:\/\/writersfunzone.com\/blog\/2019\/06\/07\/what-do-i-need-to-know-about-the-california-consumer-privacy-act-ccpa-by-kelley-way\/kawaylaw.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"kawaylaw.com noopener noreferrer\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft wp-image-19891 tc-smart-load-skip tc-smart-loaded\" title=\"Kelley Way\" src=\"https:\/\/writersfunzone.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/08\/way18CRWEB-240x300.jpg\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/writersfunzone.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/08\/way18CRWEB-240x300.jpg 240w, https:\/\/writersfunzone.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/08\/way18CRWEB-640x800.jpg 640w, https:\/\/writersfunzone.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/08\/way18CRWEB.jpg 700w\" alt=\"Kelley Way\" width=\"150\" height=\"188\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p>Kelley Way was born and raised in Walnut Creek, California. She graduated from UC Davis with a B.A. in English, followed by a Juris Doctorate. Kelley is a member of the California Bar, and an aspiring writer of young adult fantasy novels. More information at <a href=\"http:\/\/kawaylaw.com\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">kawaylaw.com<\/a>.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Who owns the copyright when you are hired to work for another person or company? It can be complicated, yet you can navigate this intellectual property issue. Let\u2019s discuss the Work for Hire Doctrine with literary and estate lawyer, Kelley Way. <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":12,"featured_media":23925,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_exactmetrics_skip_tracking":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_active":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_note":"","_exactmetrics_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[20],"tags":[447,939,934,988,4562],"class_list":["post-23924","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-writing-tips","tag-copyright","tag-intellectual-property","tag-kelley-way","tag-literary-law","tag-work-for-hire-doctrine"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.4 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Work for Hire: Who Owns the Copyright? by Kelley Way &#183; Writer&#039;s Fun Zone<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Who owns the copyright when you are hired to work for another person or company? 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